When one member of a cohabiting couple dies, it can come as an unpleasant surprise to the bereaved partner to discover that not all of their late partner’s estate will pass to them in the absence of a will. It is only when this happens that many people become aware that there is no such thing in law as a ‘common law’ spouse, so it is important that people living together give thought to protecting their position by the means currently available to them.

Where there are assets which are jointly held (as ‘joint tenants’ in legal terminology), these will pass by survivorship to the other partner. Property held jointly and joint bank accounts are normally held in this way. Also, if there is a life assurance policy or there are pension benefits payable to a nominated person, then the surviving partner will receive these if they are the named beneficiary.

Once such assets have been dealt with, however, the rules of intestacy apply if there is no will. An intestate estate passes (with a rather complex formula regarding its division depending on the size of the estate) to the relatives of the deceased. This will normally leave the deceased’s partner with nothing.

However, the law does allow a claim for provision to be made from the estate of the deceased  (under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975)  by dependants if they are persons for whom the intestate person might reasonably have been expected to make provision.

A surviving cohabitee can make a claim if the deceased died intestate or failed to provide for them in the will if:

• they were maintained by the deceased in whole or in part immediately before the death of the deceased; or
• for two years prior to the death of the deceased they lived in the same household as the deceased as if they were the husband, wife or civil partner of the deceased.

In such cases the court may be requested to make ‘reasonable provision’ for the applicant. There are a series of guidelines which have been set to ensure that the provision made is fair bearing in mind the size of the estate and the circumstances of those with an interest in it.

The court’s powers to divide the estate are considerable and can include making orders for periodical payments or lump sums or the transfer of specific property to the claimant. However, it should be remembered that transfers on death to a cohabitee do not qualify for the ‘spouse’ exemption from Inheritance Tax which applies to transfers to a spouse or civil partner.

A 2015 case involving the death of a man who had lived with his partner for fewer than two years before he died confirmed that she could not bring a claim as a result of his death, although their child (born after his father's death) could. In another case, the ex-wife of a man born in the UK was denied the right to make a cliam after he was determined by the bank to have adopted a foreign domicile of choice in Gambia.

 More recently, the courts have ruled in favour of a cohabitee of longstanding with regard to the right to a dependent's pension from an occupational pension scheme.

After an earlier Cohabitation Rights Bill  failed to pass through Parliament, a new bill was introduced  which also failed to reach the statute book.